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 | Sayyid Reza Daresimi
Name: Reza Darsmi
Father Name: Ibrahim Darsmi
Year Of Birth: 1862
Year Of Death: 1937
Place Of Birth: Darsim/ Northern Kurdistan
Place Of Death: Arzinjan/ western Kurdistan
$Life$
Sayyid Reza Daresimi was born in the year 1862 AD, in the province of Darsim, in the Zaza region in northern Kurdistan. And he is the son of Sayyid Ibrahim Darsimi, who in turn had entrusted one of the gnostics in his time with the task of teaching him religious and national sciences, and that was at the hands of the enlightener Muhammad Ali Effendi, And after the death of his father Sayyid Reza Darsimi assumed his father\'s position, and replaced him with his upper religious affairs and took the city of Aghdada as his place of residence. In the year, during the Kocekiri uprising, Seyyed Reza Daresimi went with some armed men to the city of Dersim and sent a telegram of cooperation and solidarity with the uprising in the Kocekiri uprising, During the revolution of Sheikh Saeed Biran in northern Kurdistan, Sayed Reza Darsimi provided aid and assistance to the displaced from the oppression of the Turkish forces, In the year 1937 AD, a Kurdish uprising broke out in the city of Dersim, the center of the Zaza region in northern Kurdistan, against the Turkish occupation. And in anticipation of any emergency and before the Turkish occupation authorities carried out any military sweeps in their areas, Sayed Reza Darsimi sent a message to the heads of the Kurdish tribes and asked them to unite among themselves, The Turkish occupation authorities carried out several massacres against the Kurdish citizens in the city of Dersim, where they executed and killed more than 40,000 Kurds, and there are those who say that the number of victims in the Dersim massacre exceeded 70,000, and it was said that the waters of the (Monzor) River were dyed with blood and kept flowing For several days dyed with blood, the Kurdish revolutionary Sayyed Reza Dersim sent a letter to the United Nations in which he explained that the Turkish authorities used poisonous gases against the people of Dersim. The Specialized Sub-Committee of the United Nations on Human Rights also sent documents to the United Nations with the letter Syed Reza Darsimi confirming what was stated in the letter Syed Reza Darsimi that the Turkish authorities used poisonouso and incendiary gases, as Turkish planes were bombing reeds and The villages of the city of Dersim, and heinous crimes are being carried out against the civilian population there, including children and women, who were unarmed and who remained without protection. And the Turkish state, with its actions, took revenge on people and stones in Kurdistan. And while the revolution was at the height of its strength, the Turkish occupation authorities resorted to deception and deception.
Specifically, im 1937 AD, the Turkish occupation authorities summoned Sayyid Reza Darsimi , the leader of the Dersim uprising, to negotiate with him in the city of Arzinjan, northern Kurdistan. However, in an act of treachery, the Turkish authorities ambushed him on his way as he was heading to the city of Erzinjan to negotiate with the Turks, so he and seven of his companions were captured, and they arrested them to the city of Kharbit (Al-Azig) - west of Kurdistan. The Turkish occupation authorities sentenced Ali Sayed Reza Darsimi to death by hanging, and executed in 1937 AD. And before executing his sentence, Seyyed Reza Darsimi said to his executioners: {There will remain regret in my heart because I did not conquer you, but let it remain sorrow and pain in your hearts because I did not concede to you}, After the execution of the death sentence of the revolutionary Sayyid Reza Darsimi and his companions, the fire of the revolution did not subside, but continued until the year 1938 AD. [1] | | Sayyid Reza Daresimi |  | AN EXAMPLE OF BAATHS SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN KURDISTAN OF IRAQ
AN EXAMPLE OF BAATHS SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN KURDISTAN OF IRAQ.
Boarding: JAMAL BEKHTYAR
Place: Nawpirdan - Choman - Kurdistan
Bitter memories of the bombing of Qaladze and Sulaimani University in 24-04-1974.
The date of the painting: 20-05-1974. [1] | | AN EXAMPLE OF BAATHS SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN KURDISTAN OF IRAQ |  | Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari
Name: Bibi Maryam
Father Name: Hussein
Year Of Birth: 1874
Year Of Death: 1937
Place Of Birth: Lorestan
Place Of Death: Tehram
$Life$
The revolutionary Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari, 1874 AD - 1937 AD. The Kurdish revolutionary Bibi Meryemî Bextiyarî was born in the year 1874 AD, in Lorestan al-Kabra, southeast of Kurdistan. The revolutionary (Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari), she is the daughter of Hussein Quli Khan Bakhtiari, the leader of the Bakhtiari tribe, who was killed in the year 1882 AD, by the shadow of Sultan Masoud Mirza son of Nasir al-Din Shah al-Qajari, She is the sister of Ali Quli Khan Bakhtiari who liberated in the year 1909 AD the city of Shahr Kurd, the capital of the Greater Lorestan Province, expelled the shadow of Sultan Masoud Mirza, the murderer of his father from the city of Isfahan, conquered the city of Tehran, and supported the conditional movement. Constitutional Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, She is also the mother of the revolutionary Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, who was executed by Reza Shah Pahlavi in the year 1934 AD. The revolutionary Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari participated in the year 1909 AD, along with her brother Ali Quli Khan Bakhtiari - Sardar Asaad Khannand her son Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari with the knights of her tribe Bakhtiari in the conditional constitutional revolution against Muhammad Ali Shah Qajari, As an activist and military leader, And she played a distinguished role when the knights of the Bakhtiari tribe, led by her brother Ali Quli Khan Bakhtiari, and with the help of modern weapons from the German Empire, succeeded in seizing the Qajar capital, Tehran, as part of the revolutionary campaign to force the Qajar government to carry out democratic reforms. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari was an educated and enlightened woman at the beginning of the twentieth century AD. She was one of the most prominent activists in the field of women\'s rights and a pioneer of freedom movements during the days of the conditional constitutional revolution. Due to the nature of her nomadic life, Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari was skilled in archery and craft techniques. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari was a major supporter of her brother (Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari) for the conquest of the city of Tehran, Through many letters and telegrams and her interesting and effective lectures, She also prepared the knights of her tribe Bakhtiari to fight the tyranny of (Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar), In the year 1909 AD, and before the conquest of the city of Tehran, Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari moved to Tehran accompanied by some skilled Bakhtiari warriors, and she stayed there in the house of her murdered father Hussein Quli Khan to plan a guerrilla war, And when the forces of the Constitutional Revolution led by her brother Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari arrived in Tehran, she and her husband joined those forces against the forces of Muhammad Ali Shah Qajari, And Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari personally carried the gun and fought alongside the constitutional revolutionaries and the knights of the Bakhtiari tribe against the Cossack forces supporting Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, And because of her courage in fighting and her technical skills in disarming the forces supporting Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, her popularity increased, until she received the honorary rank of (Sardar), which means (Supreme Commander), and she was known as (Sardar Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari). In the year 1929 AD, her son Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari led a revolution in the Greater Lorestan Province against the Pahlavi rule that lasted for 5 years. Until the Pahlavi forces arrested him in the year 1934 AD, and he was executed in the same year in the (Qasr) prison in the Pahlavi capital, Tehran, by order of Reza Shah Pahlavi. The revolutionary Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari died in the year 1937 AD, and her body was buried in (Takiyet Amir) dedicated to the mausoleums of the nobles and notables of the Bakhtiari tribe, in the cemetery (Takht Foolad) in the city of Isfahan in Persia.[1] | | Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari |  | Cendera Bridge
Cendera Bridge
Is a historical Roman Bridge in north Kurdistan in Adiyaman Province, 193 AD - 211 AD. The Pira Cendere or Historic Rome Bridge is located in the old area (the old castle) in the Samsur Province (Adiyaman) - northwest of Kurdistan, and the bridge is about 55 kilometers from the city of Samsur (Adiyaman). The Jandara Bridge is one of the most important and oldest bridges in the world, which is still in use today. The bridge was built by order of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus in the name of his wife and children in the period between (193 AD - 211 AD) AD. The bridge is constructed as a simple, unadorned, single arch on two rocks at the narrowest point of the creek. At 34.2 m (112 ft) clear span, the structure is quite possibly the second largest extant Roman arch bridge. It is 120 m (390 ft) long and 7 m (23 ft) wide. Roadway flanked by ancient columns
The bridge was rebuilt by th in the ancient city of Samosata (today Samsat ) to begin a war with parthia. Commagenean cities built four Corinthian columns on the bridge, in honor of the Roman Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus (193–211), his second wife Julia Domna, and their sons Caracalla and Publius Septimius Geta as stated on the inscription in Latin on the bridge, In 1997, the bridge was restored. Vehicular traffic was restricted to 5 tons or less. The bridge is now closed to vehicles, and a new road bridge has been built 500 m (550 yd) east of the old bridge [1] | | Cendera Bridge |  | Mount Nemrut
Mount Nemrut
which is the highest open museum in the world, and its summit preserves the ruins of the Kingdom of Commagene dating back to the first century BC, attracted thousands of tourists in the tourism season that falls between April and October. Mount Nemrut is 2,000 meters high and is located in the Adıman province in southern Turkey. It is part of the Taurus Mountain ring, on the bank of the Euphrates River. On its summit is a temple, built in 62 BC. It is surrounded by two large statues of two lions, two statues of two falcons, and many Greek statues. and armenian. In 1987, Mount Nemrut was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It was visited by 52 thousand people. The mountain is the best location in the world to watch the sunrise and sunset during the first nine months of this year. Mustafa Akinci, Director of Culture and Tourism in Adıman, said that 52,000 people visited the mountain in 9 months, including 2,000 foreign tourists. The story of Nimrod was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, and the name Nimrod was not mentioned in the Qur’anic text, but commentators, such as al-Tabari, linked the Babylonian king Nimrod and the king who was challenged by the Prophet Ibrahim, peace be upon him, in the suras of the Prophets and the Cow, while some historians and commentators questioned Nimrod’s historical relationship With the tyrant king who was mentioned in the Qur’an, Nimrod was considered one of the giant legends and symbolized the forces of evil, as many of the heritage cities in Iraq were named after him.
The huge building in Mount Nemrut consists of a group of rock slabs that form something like a pyramid, and the eastern and western parts of it are terraces that lead to an open temple, and on these terraces there are huge statues of lions and falcons, and 5 huge statues of the gods that they worshiped, including 4 men. and a woman, which is the most attractive thing preserved in this place.
The royal temple, which was founded on the mountain by King Antiochus I, clearly embodies the culture of syncretism that was common at that time in the Hellenistic kingdoms, by merging statues of Greek and Persian gods in uniform clothing, which is a reference to equality between faiths, to merge the Persian and Greek peoples, However, the mountain is mysterious in terms of its religious meanings, the reasons for its establishment, and the religion that was followed in the Kingdom.
Researchers believe that the monument was originally established with two large spaces, the first on the eastern side, and was used to celebrate the birthday of King Antiochus I, and the other on the western side, was used to celebrate the founding anniversary, in the year 62 BC, the day on which it is believed that King Antiochus became A member of the secret religious order, of the Kingdom of Commajin. The Kingdom of Commagene, meaning community of the living, existed as an independent kingdom from Mithridates Kallenchus I, at the beginning of the first century BC. The importance of the kingdom emerged during the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, son of Mithridates Calencus (62-32 BC). In 62 BC, the temple was built on top of the mountain, and was guarded by two large statues of two lions, two statues of two falcons, and many Greek, Armenian, and Persian gods. Each deity had his name written on it, and when the temple was discovered, the heads of the statues were separated from the statues and lying on the ground, indicating that they were deliberately damaged.[1] | | Mount Nemrut |  | Zarzawan Castle
Zarzawan Castle
Is an old Roman Historical castle in Amed Province (Diyarbakir), 500 AD.
The ruins of Zerzewan Castle are 13 km away from the city of Çinar in Amed (Diyarbakir) Northern Kurdistan . It is located on the Amed-Mardin road. Excavations began in Zarzawan Castle in 2011 AD. Where it became clear that the date of its construction dates back to the sixth century AD, and the Romanians built it as a military protectorate for them, on the ruins of the Mithrae temple built underground in the fifth century AD. The area of the land on which the Zarzawan castle was built is 60 dunums. The height of the castle walls ranges between 12 and 15 meters, and a length of 1200 meters. Today, the ruins of Zarzawan castle are considered one of the most prominent monuments in Kurdistan, which is visited annually by thousands of tourists every year. An ancient Roman garrison in the Kurdish province of Diyarbakir, southeast Turkey has been included on a tentative list to be considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Turkish state media reported on Friday. Zerzevan Castle, also known as Samachi Castle, is a historic site in Diyarbakir province. Dating back to the third century, the castle was once a Roman military base. The list of World Heritage sites was Created by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 to identify cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value. The organization works to encourage states to protect heritage sites through the World Heritage Convention as long as possible .[1] | | Zarzawan Castle |  | Sawara Ilkhani Zada
Name: Sawara
Father Name: Ahmed
Year Of Birth: 1937
Year Of Death: 1976
Place Of Birth: Bokan
Place Of Death: Tehran
$Life$
The Poet Sawara Ilkhani Zada, 1937 AD - 1976 AD) The Kurdish poet and writer Swara Ilkhani Zada was born in 1937 AD, in the village of Turjan of the city of Bokan in the Mokryan region (currently the village of Turjan of the city of Saqz) in eastern Kurdistan. He is the son of Ahmed Agha Ilkhani Zada son of (Bayazid Agha Ilkhani), and from the “Tukari” family, one of the noble Kurdish families in the province of Mokryan. In the year 1939 A.D., while Swara Ilkhani Zada was only two years old, his family moved to the village of (Qere Gwêz), and he began his primary education in that village with (Sheikh Ahmed Kasnzani). And then he entered the middle school in the city of Bokan, Then he continued his preparatory studies in the Iranian city of Tabriz at the Luqman School, where he obtained a diploma. In Tabriz, he married an Azeri girl named Ruqayyah, who bore him a child named Babak, who died in the prime of his life. And in the year 1962 AD, he left with his wife to the Iranian capital, Tehran, and joined the Department of Judicial Law at the Faculty of Law at the University of Tehran. Sawara Ilkhani zade participated in many political and cultural activities accompanied by Nasir Yamin Mardukhi, and wrote national poems calling for the rights of the Kurdish people and the freedom of Kurdistan, which angered the Iranian Pahlavi occupation authorities, And in the year 1964 AD, he was arrested along with 150 Kurdish students and intellectuals by the Iranian Pahlavi authorities on charges of their Kurdish national and Kurdish liberation ideas and their alleged links to the Kurdistan Democratic Party. And he was imprisoned for six months in (Qezel Qela) prison in Tehran, where he wrote inside that prison his poem Sore Qela Daykî Bela (The Red Castle or the Trouble), In the year 1967 AD, Sawara Elkhani zadeh began working in the Kurdish section of Radio Tehran, where he presented a popular literary program entitled Tapo Bomelêl, which included literary criticism and short stories, And in the year 1968 AD, he completed his university studies. Sawara Elkhani zadeh is considered one of the pioneers of modernity in Kurdish poetry. His poems are very popular in Kurdish society and lovers of modern Kurdish poetry. And through the experience of urban life in the Iranian capital, Tehran, in the forties and fifties of the twentieth century AD, Sawara Elkhani zadeh narrates the poem Şar (The City), which represents his most vivid experience of the symbols and elements of urban modernity in an unusual way, Also, the poem Pîre Halo The Old Eagle is considered one of the most famous poems Swara Ilkhani zadeh. The poet Sawara Ilkhanizadeh was involved in a car accident in the Iranian capital, Tehran. And after the failure of the surgery that was performed on him in Missaghieh Hospital in Tehran, he died in 1976 AD. And his body was transported from the city of Tehran to the city of Bukan, and buried in the village of Hammian in the city of Bukan.[1] | | Sawara Ilkhani Zada |  | Tomb Fakhrikah
Tomb Fakhrikah
It’s a tomb in the city of Mahabad, 652 BC.
The historical cemetery Fakhri-Kah Fexrega is located in the city of Mahabad, located in eastern Kurdistan. It is a rocky tomb, which archaeologists believe belonged to the Kurdish Median king Ferawerd, who was killed in the year 652 BC. The cemetery is located on a rocky mountain in the village of Egrîgaş, 10 kilometers north of the city of Mahabad. The tomb of Fakhrikah consists of an outer hall supported by six stone columns, of which only four columns remain. And an inner room in which there are three empty tombs. The cemetery of Fakhrikah was registered in the year 1937 AD, as one of the archaeological sites in eastern Kurdistan. In the northeast of Mahabad, on the way from Mahabad to Miandoab, another rock monument from this period can be seen, which is in harmony with the architectural principles of this period in terms of appearance. Finally, the difference in this tomb compared to other rock tombs, especially The caveat of the scene is that the wall at the end of the porch cannot be seen and From the porch to the end of the mausoleum, it has assumed a state of integrity, and in addition, the mausoleum room has two free columns, the pillars of which are carved in the shape of a cube. The pillars look like upside-down vases. The columns in front of the porch and inside the mausoleum have disappeared due to the passage of time and only the pillars and headstones remain. A hall has been created inside the mausoleum as wide as the porch. There are 2 cobbled stairs separating from each other. Probably, the front arch was created for the funeral ceremony and in the next room there are 3 rectangular graves, one of which is carved horizontally and two small graves are carved perpendicularly to the porch. The graves carved into the stone in this crypt tomb are 50 cm deep, while in the rock tomb, the burial scene is built about 50 cm higher than the level of the tomb.[1] | | Tomb Fakhrikah |  | Mulla Badi Bridge
Mulla Badi Bridge
It’s a famous historical bridge in the city of Faraqin/North Kurdistan, The bridge was built between the years 1147 and 1155 AD during the era of the Artuqid state. The Mela Badî Bridge is located on the Batman River (Iliyeh River), in the city of Faraqin (Mayafaraqin) in the Amed Governorate (Diyarbakir) - the capital of Kurdistan. The Mulla Badi bridge was named after the Kurdish prince (Prince Baz Ibn Dostik), nicknamed (Ibn Nasr al-Badi), The Historic Malabadi Bridge is located on the Batman Creek which disembogues to Dicle Tigris River at site of Çatakköprü within the district of Silvan on the border between the provinces of Diyarbakır and Batman. It is constructed at the narrowest section of the riverbed. The bridge is located approximately 104 km away from the modern city center of Diyarbakır, on the Ahlat highway which provides connection between the city of Diyarbakır via Van and Bitlis, the founder of the Marwanid (Dostik) Kurdish state, whose capital was the city of Fariqin (Mayafariqin). The construction of the unparalleled Mulla Badi Bridge began during the reign of the Kurdish Sultan Al-Marwani Sultan Hassan Ibn Baz in the year 1146 AD, and its construction was completed in the year 1153 AD. The Mulla Badi Bridge was built in the form of a vault with one arc opening, with a length of 150 meters, a width of 7 meters, and a height of 19 meters. The width of the base of the arc opening of the bridge is 38.6 meters. The stones of the Mulla Badi Bridge were inscribed with many inscriptions, as each new ruler of the Kurdish Marwanid state would engrave his name on one of the stones of the bridge. The inscribed stones of the Mulla Badi Bridge were robbed and destroyed by a racist Turkish general during the Sasun uprising. No one can read the writings inscribed on it.[1] | | Mulla Badi Bridge |  | Sculptures of Khans
Sculptures of Khans
Khans is a historical place in the city of Sheikhan, 705 BC.M-681 BC.M . Khans is the ancient village of khanusa, north of Ain safni, the ancient Assyrian town of khanusa، This ancient site was built by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (700 BC) The sculptures khens Xînîs are located in the village khens of the city of Sheikhan in the Dohuk governorate of Kurdistan ، The Khans sculptures are considered a natural archaeological museum in itself, which includes well-established monuments, and is located in the open air at lofty heights, and 13 km northeast of the city of Sheikhan, in the Valley Khans east of the Kumail River ، thousands of people with their families visit khans yearly The sculptures of Khans were carved by the Assyrian king Sennacherib, 705 BC.M-681 BC.M ، It is considered one of the finest ancient rock sculptures in Kurdistan ،It consists of a winged bull , two niches and two gods, various tombs, a gate with cuneiform inscriptions, a water Channel Tunnel ، The sculptures Khans document the irrigation canal project started by the Assyrian king Sennacherib and called it Sennaherib canal, which is a project to irrigate agricultural lands in Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian state, by transferring water from the Khans area to the lands in Nineveh by erecting a large canal on the khoser River, from which water is transported by a new channel that was dug, where the length of the canal reached 80 km and the canal was dug on the rocks in many areas it passed through .[1] | | Sculptures of Khans |  | Bukan Grand Mosque
Bukan Grand Mosque (1792 / 1870 AD).
It’s one of the historical Mosques in Kurdistan, and In Kurdish language it called Mizgewtî gewreî Bokan and the grand mosque of Bukan is located in the city of (Bokan) in the Mokryan region, east of Kurdistan. The mosque is located near the historic Sardar Castle, and on the eastern side of the castle basin, which draws its water from Nalle Şikêne Mountain. The Bukan Grand Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in the city of Bukan, which was built by the Kurdish Emir Muqriyani Aziz Khan Mukri 1792 AD - 1870 AD. And the first person to preach in this mosque was Mulla Salam Sheikh al-Islam, and he was the first imam preacher of the city of Bukan, and that was during the era of Aziz Khan Mokri, The original building of Bukan Grand Mosque had 12 domes and 6 columns made of cut limestone, Then the area of the mosque was expanded by Prince Saif al-Din Khan Mokri 1901 AD - 1929 AD, 4 domes and 3 other columns were added to it, built of limestone. Bukan Grand Mosque contains 16 domes located on 9 columns, and it is one of the largest and most important mosques and historical buildings in Kurdistan in general, and in the city of Bukan and Mukerian region in particular. which is very popular and respected among the people,Where Friday prayers are held every week. And next to this mosque there is a small mosque as well, called Aziz Khan Mokri Mosque.[1] | | Bukan Grand Mosque |  | Sardar Castle
Sardar Castle in Bukan City, 1868 AD.
Sardar Castle is located in the city of Bukan in the Mokryan region, east of Kurdistan.
This castle is also called (Bukan Castle) and (Aziz Khan Mokri Castle). The history of the construction of Sardar Castle dates back to the year 1868 AD, and it was built by the Kurdish Emir Muqriyani Aziz Khan Mukri 1792 AD - 1870 AD,the Emir of the Kurdish Emirate of Muqryan and the Commander-in-Chief of the Qajar Army during the era of the Qajar King (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar), Sardar Castle was used at the beginning of its construction as a command fortress for the Kurdish Emirate of Mokryan, and later as a residence for the family of the Kurdish Emir Mokryan Aziz Khan Mokryan and his genetic descendants, until the end of Emirate of Mokryan in the year 1926 AD,
Where this castle was used as the seat of rule of the Emirate of Mokryan, by the princes who took over the rule of the Emirate after Prince Aziz Khan Mokryan,and they are: Prince Saif al-Din Khan Mokri 1870 AD - 1890 AD. And Prince Muhammad Hussein Khan Mokri 1890 AD - 1914 AD. And Prince Ali Khan Mokri 1914 AD - 1926 AD, And the princes of the Kurdish Emirate of Mokryan bore the title Sardar, meaning the governor. And the princes who inherited the rule of the Principality of Mokryan after Prince Aziz Khan Mokryan added parts to the castle and expanded it. The architectural style of Sardar Castle in the city of Bukan is a traditional Kurdish architectural style.
The castle is 13 to 15 meters high and 30 meters long. It is located on a historical hill estimated to be 3,000 years old. Sardar Castle was mentioned in the travel diaries of many of those who visited the city of Bukan and the Emirate of Mokryan and East Kurdistan, such as: Mirza Muhammad Mahallati, Menorsky, Gilbert Gerard, Ali Akbar Khan Mukhtadar Sinjabi, Bahman Karimi, Muhammad Reza Khalil Iraqi, Hajj Ali Razam Ara, Mustafa Barzani. And Gilbert Gerard wrote on March 18, 1881 AD, about Sardar Castle in the city of Bukan, saying: An old castle can be seen above the village of Bokan, which is ruled by the hospitable man Saif al-Din Khan Mokri, and he recently traveled to Saugblag. The small covered market has a building under construction. There is a water spring next to a mosque through which a large river full of fish passes. As for the Persian-language Qajar newspaper (Faris), it wrote in one of its issues issued in the year 1904 AD: There is in Bokan a wonderful castle inhabited by Muhammad Husayn Khan Sardar he is the son of Saif al-Din Khan Mokri the chief of the Mokri tribe, the tribe has about 9000 warriors armed relatively with full strength, Sardar can summon about 3000 people within hours, with 400 Bokan is located in the middle of the Tatahu River, with beautiful trees and unique logistics. After the fall of the Kurdish Mokryan Emirate in the year 1926 AD, and the fall of eastern Kurdistan including the Mokryan Emirate under the control of the Iranian Pahlavi rule, in the year 1928 AD, Sardar Castle in the city of Bukan was used as a building for an elementary school called Shapur School, Then it was used as a building for the post office department. In the year 1936 AD, Sardar Castle was half destroyed, and it was restored in the year 1943 AD, Then the castle was used between the years 1946 AD - 1972 AD during the days of the Iranian Pahlavi rule as a police station and a school. After the fall of the Iranian Pahlavi rule in the year 1979 AD, and the fall of eastern Kurdistan including the city of Bukan under the control of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Iranian military forces of Basij between the years 1981 AD - 2018 AD took Sardar Castle as their headquarters, which made led to the distortion of the historical monuments of the castle, In early 2006 AD, the Bokan municipality department of the Iranian authorities caused severe damage to Sardar Castle and its outskirts, through the construction of a street in the lower alleys of the Sardar Castle area, And in the year 2018 AD, the Cultural Heritage Office in the city of Bukan announced the restoration of the castle.[1] | | Sardar Castle |  | Sardar Dome
Sardar Dome
The Dome was built in the city of Bukan 1880 AD - 1914 AD. Dome of Sardar or (the shrine of the Mukaryan princes), is a historical monument located in the city of Bukan of the Mukaryan region - eastern Kurdistan,The shrine of the Mukarrian princes, or Gumbezî Serdar, as it is called in the Kurdish language, includes the tombs of many of the descendants of the Kurdish Mukarrian prince Aziz Khan Mukeri 1792 AD - 1870 AD), who were known as the Sardar family. As well as the tombs of some well-known Kurdish personalities from the city of Bukan. The building Sardar Dome of traditional Kurdish architecture was built by Muhammad Hussein Khan Mokri 1880 AD - 1914 AD, the last emir of the Kurdish Emirate of Mokryan, It is one of the ruins of the Mokrian emirate and is located inside the People\'s Park in the city of Bukan. And it was restored in the year 2016 AD, The Sardar Dome or the shrine of the Mocryan princes includes a small courtyard on the south side and the mausoleum building. The shrine is a rectangular building, its dimensions are about 13 x 15 meters, and the area of the shrine is about 198 square meters, with a central dome covering a gallery hall with a height of 8 meters, and arched limestone was used for the corners of the dome, and there are two vestibules on either side of the hall, In addition to the presence of a stone staircase leading to the roof of the shrine. There are two columns in the facade of the vaulted hall, built of carved stone, which give a special beauty to the building, and they form three external arched windows. One of the most important decorative elements of this building is the inert building in which all spaces and elements are in harmony with each other. The names of those buried in the Sardar Dome building:
*Emir Mohammed Hussein Khan Mokri - son of Emir Saif al-Din Khan Mokri and grandson of Emir Aziz Khan Mokri.
* Husni Jehan Khanum - the mother of Muhammad Hussein Khan Mokri, wife of Saif al-Din Khan Mokri, and daughter of Pasha Khan Mokri.
* Ali Khan Mokri - the ruler and the only son of the Emir (Mohammed Hussein Khan Mokri).
* Kubra Khanum - daughter of Emir Mohammed Hussein Khan Mokri.
* Judge Hussein Mukri.
* Mullah Mohammed Hassan Qazlji.
*Khatun Qazlji - daughter of the mullah Muhammad Hasan Qazlji.
* Mullah Muhammad Sadeq Hassan Qazlji - nicknamed the Judge Kaka Hama.
* Mullah Syed Jaafar Hussain - Khalifah Sheikh Hossam Al-Din.
* Mulla Ali Qazlji.
*Khatun Nazakat Qasim.
*Hajar Hatun Hedayat.
* Jaafar Qazlji. [1] | | Sardar Dome |  | Manouchehr Mosque
Manouchehr Mosque,
It’s one of the historical mosques in Kars Governorate,Northern Kurdistan 1072 AD - 1118 AD. The ruins of the historic Manouchehr mosque are located on the western bank of the Akhorian river in the deserted village of Ani, in the Kars Governorate, North Kurdistan. The village is 44 km east of the city of Kars. The Manouchehr mosque was named after the Kurdish prince Al-Shadadi Manouchehr bin Shafur 1072 AD - 1118 AD,one of the princes of the Kurdish Shahdadi dynasty, who ruled the city of Ani after the year 1072 AD. The oldest sections of the historical Manouchehr mosque, which is the minaret, are still preserving their condition, The mosque is a rectangular structure, 18.5 metres by 15.7 metres. The entrance was at the northern end of the west facade. The interior comprised a rectangular prayer-hall whose roof was supported by six freestanding columns that divided the interior space into eleven compartments - only six compartments now survive intact. The designs of the ceilings over these compartments are different from each other, and are richly decorated with polychrome stone inlays. The columns are short and fat, with capitals bearing muqarnas ornamentation. Similar columns can be found inside the hall at the monastery of Horomos, and the basmala in Kufic script is located on the northern side of the minaret. While the prayer hall built in the twelfth or thirteenth century is half demolished,The historic Manouchehr mosque was partially reconstructed in the year 1906 AD, to convert it into a museum to display the archaeological discoveries of Nicholas Marr, According to some sources, Ani was an abandoned medieval medieval city. Today, it is one of the archaeological sites within the Kars governorate in northern Kurdistan, and it is located near the border with Armenia. And the Restoration of the mosque started in june 2020. [1] | | Manouchehr Mosque |  | The Great Mosque of Aqrah (Akre)
The Great Mosque of Aqrah(Akre), in the city of Aqrah(Akre), 635 AD.
The Great Mosque of Aqrah (Mizgefta Mezina Akrê) in the city of Aqrah (Aqrah) of the Dohuk Governorate in the Bahdinan region is considered one of the oldest historical mosques in Kurdistan. The Great Mosque of Aqrah was built, according to some sources, in the year 14 AH / 635 AD, during the reign of the Caliph (Abdullah bin Omar bin Al-Khattab), And that was after the conquest of Kurdistan and the spread of Islam in it. And the historical sources agree that the Great Mosque of Aqrah was built mainly on the ruins of Zardashti Temple or Ezdi Temple, where the people of Kurdistan embraced the ancient Kurdish religions such as Yazidi, Zoroastrianism, and Yarsani before the spread of the Islamic religion in Kurdistan. Commercial and social contracts and social reconciliations in the region were concluded inside the Aqrah Great Mosque, Later, a religious school was built near the mosque, which played a major role in spreading Islamic culture and sciences in the region. The mosque includes a library in which many valuable records and manuscripts dating back centuries are kept. The Great Mosque of Aqrah was built according to Islamic architecture, with bricks. The area of the mosque is more than 3000 square meters, and it was reconstructed and restored several times, the last of which was in 1384 AH / 1965 AD, under the supervision of the Iraqi Ministry of Endowments, and with the help of the people of Aqrah. The mosque includes one dome and one minaret, its height is about 56 meters, and the original minaret of the mosque, before its restoration, was built of stone. One of the most famous scholars who assumed the position of imam and preacher in Aqrah Grand Mosque is Sheikh Ibrahim Haj Muhammad Rishkeh, The Great Mosque of Aqrah currently contains an official religious school, and next to it is an Institute of Islamic Sciences that grants a diploma. The mosque has international fame, as it is visited by many scholars and students of knowledge. In addition, it is an ancient cultural symbol dating back to the beginning of the spread of Islam in Kurdistan. The Friday prayers, the two Eid prayers, and the five daily prayers are currently being held there.[1] | | The Great Mosque of Aqrah (Akre) |  | The mausoleum and tomb of the Sultan (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi)
The mausoleum and tomb of the Sultan (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) in Damascus, 1195 AD.
The tomb of the Ayyubid Kurdish sultan, Sultan Yusuf bin Ayyub bin Shadi, 1138 AD - 1193 AD nicknamed (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) is located in the Aziziyah School, next to the left wall of the Umayyad Mosque, in the Al-Kallasa neighborhood of the city of Damascus the current capital of the Republic of Syria in the Levant , And his body was moved to its current burial in the year 592 AH / 1195 AD, after it was buried in the Citadel of Damascus. The burial ground of the Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, the founder of the Kurdish Ayyubid state, is a simple building of the Ayyubid character, surmounted by a grooved dome, under which is the tomb of Sultan Salah al-Din. In the year 592 AH / 1195 AD, Al-Afdal bin Salah Al-Din bought the house of one of the righteous in Al-Kalasa neighborhood near the Umayyad Mosque,and built a dome in it to be a burial place for the body of his father, Sultan (Yusuf bin Ayyub - Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi), who died in the year 589 AH He was buried in the Citadel of Damascus first. And his remains were transferred to that house where he was buried under that dome. In the year 593 AH / 1196 AD, when King Al-Aziz Othman bin Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi entered the city of Damascus, he ordered the construction of Al-Aziziyya School to the east of Salahdin Dome, Thus, the school was connected to the dome of Salah al-Din, until it became as if it belonged to the school. In the year 1137 AH / 1725 AD the days of the Ottoman rule,the walls of the tomb of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi were covered with blue Kashani stone. As for the school, part of it was destroyed. In the early twentieth century AD, the Ottoman governor of Damascus Dia Pasha ordered the conversion of the destroyed Azizia Madrasa into a garden, and annexed it to the cemetery of Salah al-Din. Today, nothing remains of the school except for the mihrab and the arch of the eastern entrance, which became the garden of the burial. The mausoleum of Sultan Salah al-Din was made of walnut wood, engraved with authentic Ayyubid motifs and writings.
As for its walls, it was covered in the year 1725 AD with blue Kashani stone.
The Kashani board in the tomb of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi is the largest and most complete curved board in all of Damascus. Its base is 475 cm and its height is 238 cm. It is composed of a group of various tiles of a Damascene character, with floral ornamental shapes. At the bottom of the large panel is a panel above the window, which is a transverse carpet consisting of tiles with geometric motifs, and the panel is framed with a band of refined flowers. The dimensions of this panel are 65 cm * 80 cm. Next to the wooden mausoleum of Sultan Salahdin Al-Ayyubi is an empty marble mausoleum, presented by the Emperor of Germany Ghelium II during his visit to Damascus in 1898 AD during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. When General Henry Gouraud, who led the French army at the end of World War I in the Ottoman-French War 1919-1923 AD entered Damascus, he headed towards the tomb of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, the hero of the Battle of Hattin, which put the real end to the Crusades. kicked him and said: {Wake up Salahuddin, we have returned, and my presence here consecrates the victory of the cross over the crescent},
The tomb building Saladin Al-Ayyubi is located in a beautiful yard that was restored and taken care of in the 2000s. The burial garden, which is a paved garden with a lake and fruit trees, includes five graves: The first is the tomb of Dr. Abdel-Rahman Al-Shahbandar, the Syrian fighter who was assassinated by the occupation agents on July 6, 1940 AD. The second is the tomb of Yassin al-Hashimi, who assumed the presidency of the Iraqi ministry twice, and came to Damascus after the British coup against him, and he died in Damascus on the twenty-seventh of January 1937 AD.
The other three graves are evidence that they are among the first Ottoman pilots, who landed in Damascus in January 1914 AD, and their planes crashed near Tiberias and Jaffa, And they are Sadiq Beg and Fathi Beg, who were supposed to complete their journey to Palestine and then Cairo, but the plane crashed near Tiberias and it was decided to transfer their bodies to Istanbul, and after their arrival in Damascus Fadl Their families buried the pioneers of aviation in their land. And Nuri Beg, whose plane crashed in Jaffa, and his body was transferred to Damascus and buried next to his two colleagues.[1] | | The mausoleum and tomb of the Sultan (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) |  | Junqan Castle
Junqan Castle in the province of Lorestan (Shahr Kurd), 1902 AD.
Junqan Castle or Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Palace is located in the Junqan town of Parson City, Shahr Kurd Governorate, within the Greater Lorestan Region, southeast of Kurdistan. The castle is 40 km southwest of the city of Shahr Kurd. Junqan Castle was built in the year 1902 AD. By order of Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari, and on the ruins of the house of his father, Hussein Quli Khan Ilkhani 1821-1882 AD, leader of the Kurdish Bakhtiari tribe. Where Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad, who was born in the same house, rebuilt and expanded it as a palace in the French architectural style of the nineteenth century AD. And it was known as Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Palace, and later it was called Junqan Castle. And the aim of building this palace was to take it as a place of residence, as well as to conclude commercial contracts for the nobles of the Bakhtiari tribe with the English in it,
And also to bring the points of view closer between the notables and nobles of the Bakhtiari tribe and unite them, Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari opened the first school in the history of the town of Junqan whose building is still standing on the western side of the castle of Junqan, and it is the Asaad School. Junqan Castle or Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Palace is the first place in the history of Shahr Kurd to be equipped with electric motors. The historical importance of Junqan Castle comes from the fact that the leaders of the Knights of the Bakhtiari Kurdish tribe of Lyria, during the constitutional conditional revolution against Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, met in the year 1909 AD, inside this castle under the leadership of Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari.
And they took the decision to rise up against the Qajars and seize the city of Isfahan and expel its ruler, Masoud Mirza Zal Sultan bin Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar, who killed the leader of the tribe, Hussein Quli Khan Ilkhani Bakhtiari earlier, And after seizing the city of Isfahan, Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Ibn Hussain Quli Khan Ilkhani Bakhtiari led an army of 2,000 horsemen from the Bakhtiari Kurdish cavalry, conquering Tehran and overthrowing the rule of Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar as well, in addition to that, he found many refugees Politicians fleeing the Qajar rule during the First World War from this palace as a shelter for them, who began writing his famous dictionary on the Persian language (Lagatnama) in this palace, Junqan Castle consists of two floors in the form of a rectangle, and in the past it contained an area wider than its area However, with the passage of time and due to various natural and social factors during more than a hundred years, as well as the lack of interest in the main foundations and the inappropriate uses of them, such as taking them as a gendarmerie station, as a public library, and as a school, all buildings, except for the main part of the castle, were exposed. And the structures attached to it were severely damaged, and they were destroyed in the year 1988 AD, and an area of land of 1226 square meters was added to it, which includes surrounding gardens and a round water basin located in the facade of the castle or the palace, and the total area of the castle with its water basin and gardens 1400 square meters, the upper floor of Junqan Castle in its eastern, southern and northern sides contains stone columns and various brick works, while the western side of the castle is a simple wall without columns, and the ceilings of the castle rooms are covered with wooden panels in a beautiful engineering way, and it is located The lower floor of the castle is one meter deep from the grounds of the courtyard, accessible from the bottom of the stairs of this floor. All the rooms of this floor have wall-mounted fireplaces with simple plaster. The exterior facade of the lower floor contains stone carvings with rectangular geometric designs and Rhombic and the edges of the windows and iwan also, decorated with Islamic designs, and the external facade of the castle stands on six pairs of stone columns installed above the basement floor, the base of the columns is pink, and their trunks are simple and polished, and you find the upper sections of the quadrangular columns, while the lower parts For the columns, it consists of cut pieces connected to the columns with a prominent cornice. The upper area of the main corridor door of the castle is decorated with wooden plants, metal inscriptions, and plants in the form of a flower. On the eastern side of the castle, there is a high entrance with a visible crescent ceiling of two floors, and on either side there are rooms for guarding and monitoring. 60 centimeters. Jungan Castle is currently used as a museum for the constitutional conditional period in the days of the Qajar rule.[1] | | Junqan Castle |  | Bazian strait
Bazian Temple
The ruins of the Zoroastrian Temple (Bazian Strait), in Sulaymaniyah Governorate.
The ruins of (Madiq Bazian Temple) or (Madiq Bazian Castle) as some call it, are located near the town of (Tekê) in the city of (Çemçemal) in the Kurdistan Sulaymaniyah Governorate,
On the western side of the historical (Bazian Strait Wall), And on the highway between the city of Kirkuk and the city of Sulaymaniyah, It is about 64 km from the city of Kirkuk, and 54 km from the city of Sulaymaniyah. It is most likely the ruins of a Zoroastrian temple dating back to the Sasanian era.
Some previously believed that it might be the ruins of a Christian church, an Islamic mosque, a military castle, or a resting place for caravans. In the year 1987 AD, the Sulaymaniyah Antiquities Directorate excavated the site (the ruins of the Bazian Strait Temple), and protected it from removal during the construction and expansion of the highway between Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk.
During these excavations, the foundations and remains of the walls of the temple were revealed, along with a detailed description of the method used in its construction The structural sections, their areas, the corridors that permeate them, the niches, the corridors, and the remains of the traces of the columns, some of whose traces are still remaining, were studied. And Bazian Strait is considered one of the ancient archaeological sites in Kurdistan, and it is a mountain strait located in the Qardag mountain range, The strait is located between the city of Kirkuk and the city of Sulaymaniyah, as these areas in the past centuries were administratively affiliated to the city of Kirkuk.
This strait was mentioned in ancient history books. It is one of the important sites due to the strategy of its geographical location, and in all events it was a strong support for its Kurdish population who defended the region against the campaigns of the invading armies. And it has a historical feature among the Kurds, as it contains the site of (Burda Qahraman) whose relatives were wounded and captured by the King of Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmoud\'s grandson by the British forces. And the King of Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmoud\'s grandson at the beginning of the twentieth century AD, with his Kurdish fighting soldiers, resisted the British forces from the heights adjacent to this strait, and recorded the most wonderful heroic epics in the history of the Kurds for the sake of freedom and independence of Kurdistan. In the foothills of the mountains near the Bazian Strait, there are several different caves dating back to the stone ages. There are also sources of water and it is a green area due to the dense planting of trees. And the ancient inhabitants of the region built a high wall between the two sides of the strait to take refuge in it when the enemies attacked. In recent years, the wall has been restored by the concerned authorities in Kurdistan. There are also those who call (Bazian Strait) the White Strait, in relation to its white rocks. [1] | | Bazian strait |  | Prince khurshid
Name: Khurshid
Father Name: Abu-Baker
Year Of Birth: 1123
Year Of Death: 1223
Place Of Birth: Lorestan
Place Of Death: Lorestan
$Life$
Prince Khurshid ( Shuja\' al-Din Khurshid 1123 AD - 1223 AD ). He is the Kurdish prince Khurshid bin Abu Bakr bin Muhammad, nicknamed Shuja al-Din Khurshid, The founder of the Khurshidid Kurdish state in Lorestan al-Saghra, southeast of Kurdistan, whose rulers were called Atabek Lorestan, which lasted between the years 1184 AD - 1307 AD),In the year 580 AH / 1184 AD, Shuja al-Din Khurshid, the leader of the Cengruyî tribe in the region of Lorestan al-Saghra, was able to unite the tribes of Lorestan al-Saghra and control the prestigious castle of Manrod, which was one of the strongholds of Lorestan.Thus, the foundations of the Khurshidid Kurdish state, whose rulers were called Atabek of Loristan the Small,and it lasted for (123) years. Worried about the expansion of capabilities Shuja al-Din Khurshid and his subjects, the Abbasid caliph Nasser of God\'s religion, So he summoned Shuja’ al-Din Khurshid and his brother Nur al-Din Muhammad to Baghdad, and demanded the surrender of Manrud Castle. But Shuja al-Din Khurshid refused to hand over the castle,So the Abbasid caliph the supporter of God\'s religion imprisoned his brother Nour al-Din Muhammad, where he died in prison. In the end, Shuja al-Din Khurshid agreed to give up the castle of Manrud, and replace it with Tarazak in the province of Khuzestan. He ruled there for about 30 years.Prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid had two sons, namely Haider and Badr al-Din, His son Haider was killed at the beginning of his founding of the Khurshidid state, in a battle with some small Lorestan tribes who opposed Shuja al-Din Khurshid. In the last years of the rule of the Emir Shuja al-Din Khurshid, the Turks of Bayat invaded the lands of the Kurdish Khurshidian state, So the prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid sent his son Badr al-Din and his nephew Saif al-Din Rustam to suppress the invaders, and a battle took place near the city of Borujerd, in which the Khurshid forces were victorious, and the leader of the Bayat tribes was captured by Badr al-Din Khurshid,
After Badr al-Din\'s victory over the Turks, his father, Prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid, chose him as crown prince. As a result, his cousin Saif al-Din Rustam felt jealous of him. Which made him pretend to the prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid that his son Badr al-Din is tired of his father\'s long life, and intends to assassinate him in order to reach power as soon as possible, So he ordered Shuja al-Din Khurshid,who was influenced by the biography of his nephew Saif al-Din Rustam, to kill his son Badr al-Din secretly. But after a while, Shuja al-Din Khurshid realized the innocence of his son Badr al-Din, and that he killed him treacherously, which made him suffer a lot of grief for the rest of his life, Until he died in the year 1223 AD, and it is said that he died at the age of about 100 years.
After him, his nephew Saif Al-Din Rustam bin Noor Al-Din Muhammad inherited power.[1] | | Prince khurshid |  | Tomb and shrine of Prince Khurshid
Tomb and shrine of Prince Khurshid (Shuja al-Din Khurshid) is in the city of Khorramabad, 1224 AD. The shrine and tomb of the Kurdish prince Khurshid Shuja al-Din Khurshid, 1184 AD - 1224 AD, prince Khurshid was the founder of the Khurshid state, is located in the village Shwenshah , whose name means in the Kurdish language (the place of King, Şwîn Şah). Which is located 15 km south of the city Khorramabad, the center of the Lorestan Province in the southeast of Kurdistan. The shrine of Shuja al-Din Khurshid dates back to the year 1224 AD, when he died in that year. As for his shrine, it was built during the reign of Shah Wardi Khan 1585 AD - 1598 AD, the last Atabeg of the Kurdish Husseini state in Lorestan. It is a building whose external geometry is rectangular, and its internal plan is octagonal, each side 2.5 meters. The building has a beautiful dome.The architectural style of the dome consists of two shells. The height of the dome is 12 meters above the ground. In its center is the shrine, which has a carved wooden chest. As for its building materials, they are: stones, mortar shells, gypsum and lime sand. Shuja al-Din Khurshid is considered the founder of the Atabegs of Lorestan and al-Saghra, who ruled between the years 1184 AD - 1598 AD, the two Kurdish states, Khurshidiyah and Husseiniya. His shrine is one of the historical and amazing monuments in Khorramabad in the Lorestan Province in Eastern Kurdistan / Iran.[1] | | Tomb and shrine of Prince Khurshid | Statistics | Articles 456,706 | | Images 93,578 | | Books 16,750 | | Related files 77,623 | | Video 832 | | Active visitors 26 | | Today 18,549 |
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